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Ketika akan menggunakan parfum, Anda dapat memperhatikan hal-hal berikut:
• Sesuaikan dengan body lotion
Setelah mandi, mungkin Anda terbiasa menggunakan body lotion. Bila akan memakai parfum, sesuaikan wangi dari body lotion agar sesuai agar wanginya tidak saling "bertabrakan". Selain itu, sebaiknya menggunakan body lotion terlebih dahulu sebelum menyemprotkan parfum karena body lotion dapat mengurangi aroma harum dari parfum
• Semprotkan parfum pada kulit
Sebaiknya, parfum tidak disemprotkan pada pakaian. Pada jenis parfum tertentu, bila menyemprotkan pada pakaian dapat menimbulkan noda, meninggalkan tanda seperti terkena tetesan air dalam waktu yang lama.
• Semprotkan parfum pada bagian tubuh yang tepat
Bagian tubuh yang sebaiknya disemprotkan parfum adalah pergelangan tangan bagian dalam, siku lengan bagian dalam, belakang telinga, dada dan leher. Menggunakan parfum di tempat-tempat tersebut membuat harum dari parfum tahan lebih lama.
• Jangan menggosokkan kulit selesai menyemprot parfum
Kebiasaaan sebagian orang adalah menggunakan parfum pada pergelangan tangan bagian dalam lalu menggosok-gosokkan kedua pergelangan tangan. Cara ini sebenarnya akan menghilangkan aroma dari parfum. Jadi, biarkan parfum mengering dengan sendirinya.
• Jangan menggunakan aksesoris atau perhiasan sebelum menggunakan parfum
Bila terkena semprotan parfum, dapat membuat aksesoris atau perhiasan yang Anda kenakan menjadi berubah warna. Hasilnya aksesoris Anda tidak lagi terlihat menarik.
• Gunakan parfum sewajarnya
Menggunakan parfum secara berlebihan dapat membuat orang yang tidak suka menjadi pusing. Penggunaan parfum dapat disesuaikan dengan jenis kulit. Untuk Anda yang berkulit kering membutuhkan semprotan parfum lebih banyak. Sedangkan bila kulit Anda berminyak, cukup semprotkan parfum sedikit saja
• Simpan parfum di tempat yang tepat
Harga parfum tidaklah murah sehingga tentu akan disayangkan bila parfum Anda menguap karena tidak ditutup dengan benar. Jadi, pastikan parfum Anda tertutup dengan rapat. Simpan parfum di tempat yang kering dan sejuk serta terhindar dari sinar matahari. Perlu diketahui bahwa dalam jangka waktu lama aroma parfum dapat berubah. Maka sesuaikan ukuran isi parfum dengan kebutuhan Anda, agar parfum tidak tersimpan terlalu lama dan mengubah aroma menjadi tidak lagi harum.
Menggunakan parfum dengan baik, tentu akan meningkatkan rasa percaya diri. Selain menikmati harum parfum untuk diri sendiri, orang-orang di sekitar Anda juga dapat menikmati keharumannya juga dan mereka akan senang saat dekat dengan Anda. Dengan menggunakan parfum secara tepat juga menyimpannya secara benar, Anda dapat menghemat penggunaan parfum Anda.

Conditional Sentences merupakan kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian suatu peristiwa yang belum terjadi atau bahkan tidak mungkin terjadi. Kalimat pengandaian ini memiliki beberapa bentuk yang mewakili beragam bentuk waktu, dengan kata lain, bentuk kalimat pengandaian ini akan tergantung pada bentuk waktu peristiwa yang diandaikan. Berikut ini merupakan beberapa pola Conditional Sentences.

RUMUS|

Conditional 1

1. IF + S + Present Tense, S + Future Tense

Contoh :

- If it doesn’t rain, I will go shopping.

Real Condition : It will probably rain or not,
so I will probably go shopping or not.

Conditional 2

2. If + S + Past Tense, S + Past Future

Contoh :

-If you came home earlier, I would make you a cake

Real Condition : You don’t come home earlier,
So I don’t make a cake for you.

Conditional 3

3. If + s + Past Perfect, S + Future Past Perfect

Contoh :

- If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.

Real condition : you didn’t study hard, so you didn’t pass the exam.

conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.
b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).

Conditional sentences dikelompokkan menjadi 2 tipe, yaitu: real conditional dan unreal/contrary to fact.
Real conditionals (factual / habitual / hypothetical / future possible)
Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekpresikan situasi atau aktivitas yang biasanya terjadi atau akan terjadi jika situasi pada if clause terpenuhi. Dengan kata lain, apa yang diandaikan itu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi atau menjadi kenyataan.
Sebagai contoh, ketika seorang teman mengajak saya, apakah malam ini saya mau nonton atau tidak, saya mungkin katakan:
• If I have the time, I will go. (Jika saya punya waktu, saya akan pergi).
Kalimat ini secara implisit juga berarti,
• If I don’t have the time, I will not go. (Jika saya tidak punya waktu, saya tidak akan pergi).
Penggunaan real conditionals
Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan:
a. Future time
If + S + present tense, S + will + Verb1
can
may
must
Note: if clause bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat (seperti formula di atas), bisa juga diletakkan di belakang setelah main clause. Ini tidak merubah arti kalimat. Dengan catatan, jika if clause diletakkan di belakang, tanda koma tidak diperlukan.
Contoh:
1. If I have the money, I will give it to you. (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu).
2. If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 10 malam).
3. I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat).
4. You must bring an umbrella if I you don’t want to get wet. (Kamu harus membawa payung, jika kamu tidak ingin basah (kehujanan).
b. Habitual (kebiasaan/habit)
If + S + verb1, S + verb1
Note: Dalam formula ini, modal auxiliary tidak digunakan.
Contoh:
1. If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus. (Jika Budi punya cukup waktu, dia biasanya jalan kaki ke kampus).
2. I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall asleep. (Saya biasanya nonton sepakbola di TV tiap Sabtu malam jika saya tidak tertidur).
3. If he has money, he always treats us. (Jika dia punya uang, dia selalu mentraktir kita).
c. Command (perintah)
If + S + verb1, S + verb1
Contoh:
1. If you finish with your work, please help me. (Jika kamu selesai dengan pekerjaanmu, tolong bantu saya).
2. Please give me a cigarette if you don’t mind. (Tolong beri saya sepuntung rokok, jika kamu tidak keberatan).
3. If you have time, please meet me in my office. (Jika kamu punya waktu, tolong temui saya di kantor saya).
Conditional Sentences : Unreal atau Contrary to Fact Conditionals

Berbeda dengan real conditionals, makna dari kalimat conditional tipe ini selalu bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan (fakta). Artinya, jika faktanya dalam kalimat positif (affirmative), conditionalnya pasti dalam kalimat negatif; Sebaliknya, jika faktanya dalam kalimat negatif, conditionalnya harus dalam kalimat positif.
Ada dua tipe kalimat unreal conditionals, yaitu: jika faktanya dalam simple present tense dan jika faktanya dalam simple past tense. Unreal conditionals dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions “if” (seperti halnya dalam real conditionals), dengan menginversi (menempatkan kata bantu) ke depan subject kalimat, dengan menggunakan “as if” atau “as though“, dan verb “wish“. Penggunaan verb “wish” ini akan dibandingkan dengan penggunaan verb “hope“.
A. Unreal conditionals jika faktanya dalam simple present tense
a. Jika faktanya dalam simple present tense atau future tense, maka conditionalnya mengikuti pola berikut:
If + S + verb2, S + would
could
might + Verb1

Contoh:
1. If the teacher didn’t speak quickly, I could understand better what he is teaching about. (Jika guru itu tidak berbicara dengan cepat, saya dapat memahami dengan lebih baik apa yang dia sedang ajarkan). Fakta dari kalimat ini adalah: the teacher speaks quickly, so that, I can’t understand well what he is teaching about.
2. He could hug me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk saya, jika dia di sini). Faktanya: he can’t hug me, because, he is not here.
3. If I had a pair of wings, I would fly high. (Jika saya punya sepasang sayap, saya mungkin terbang tinggi). Faktanya: I don’t have a pair of wings, I cannot fly high.
Perhatikan:
1. Selalu gunakan be “were”; Be “Was” tidak pernah digunakan dalam unreal conditional (lihat contoh 2).
2. Jika main clause dan if clause dalam kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat positif (affirmative), faktanya harus dalam kalimat negatif. Sebaliknya, jika main clause dan if clause dalam kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat negatif, maka faktanya harus dalam kalimat positif.
B. Unreal conditionals jika faktanya dalam simple past tense
Jika faktanya dalam simple past tense atau past future tense, maka conditionalnya mengikuti formula berikut:
If + S + had +verb3, S + would
could
might + have +Verb3

Contoh:
1. If Robby had not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan (jika Robby tidak pergi nonton film (di bioskop) tadi malam, dia tidak akan berjumpa dengan Susan). Fakta dari kalimat ini adalah: Robby went to a movie last night, then, he met Susan.
2. If the German football team had played well, it could have beaten Spanish team (jika team sepak bola Jerman bermain bagus, team itu dapat mengalahkan team Spanyol). Faktanya: German foot ball team didn’t play well, it couldn’t beat the Spanish team.
3. You could have answered the questions well If you had studied well last night (kamu dapat menjawab soal-soal dengan baik, jika kamu belajar dengan baik tadi malam). Faktanya adalah: you couldn’t answer the questions well, because, you didn’t study well last night.
Perhatikan: Unreal condition yang kedua ini juga dapat diekspresikan dengan menempatkan auxiliary had di awal kalimat. Arti kalimat tidak berubah. Dalam hal ini, kata if tidak digunakan. Jika formula berikut yang digunakan, main clause selalu ditempatkan di belakang (setelah sub-clause).
Had + S + verb3, S + would
could
might + have +Verb3

Contoh:
1. Had Robby not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan.
2. Had the German football team played well, it could have beaten the Spanish team.
3. Had you studied well last night, you could have answered the questions well.
Penggunaan As if/As though dalam unreal conditionals
Conjunction as if atau as though (artinya: seolah-olah) juga dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan situasi yang bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan. Untuk tujuan ini, verb yang mengikuti conjunction ini harus dalam bentuk past tense (verb2) atau past perfect tense (had + verb3).
S + verb1 + as if/as though + S + verb2
Contoh:
1. Norman behaves as if he were a president. (Norman berperilaku seolah-olah dia seorang presiden). Faktanya, he is not a president.
2. You look as though you saw a ghost (you tampak seolah-olah kamu melihat setan). Faktanya, you don’t see a ghost.
3. The plant grows fast as if it were 5 years old (tanaman itu tumbuh cepat seolah-olah tanaman itu berumur 5 tahun). Faktanya, the plant is 1 years old.
S + verb2 + (as if/as though) + S + had + verb3
Contoh:
1. Ali talked about the contest as if he had won the grand prize. (Ali bercerita tentang kontes itu seolah-olah dia telah memenangkan hadiah utama). Faktanya, he didn’t win the grand prize.
2. He spoke as though he had not stolen the money. (Dia berkata seolah-olah dia tidak mencuri uang itu). Faktanya, he stole the money.
3. She cried as though she had not been happy at all. (Dia menangis seolah-olah dia tidak bahagia sama sekali) Faktanya, she was happy at all (itu tangis kebahagiaan kali!).
Penggunaan Wish/ hope dalam conditional sentences
Verb wish dan hope sama-sama berarti berharap, tetapi penggunaannya dalam kalimat sangat berbeda. Hope digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau akan mungkin terjadi. Sebaliknya, wish digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang pasti tidak terjadi atau tidak akan mungkin terjadi. Hope dapat diikuti oleh verb dalam sembarang tensis; wish tidak dapat diikuti oleh verb dalam simple present tense atau modal auxiliary simple present tense.
Perhatikan perbedaan penggunaan wish dan hope pada contoh-contoh di bawah ini:
1. We hope that they can come. (kita berharap bahwa mereka bisa datang). Dalam kalimat ini subject we tidak tahu apakah they bisa datang atau tidak. Tetapi, ada kemungkinan bahwa they bisa datang.
2. We wish that they could come. (kita berharap bahwa mereka bisa datang). Di sini, we sudah tahu bahwa they tidak bisa datang. Faktanya adalah: they can’t come.
3. I hope that they came yesterday. (saya berharap kamu datang kemarin). Di sini, I tidak tahu apakah they datang atau tidak kemarin.
4. I wish that they had come yesterday. (saya berharap bahwa mereka datang kemarin). Di sini, I sudah tahu bahwa they didn’t come yesterday. Faktanya adalah: they didn’t come yesterday.
Jadi, clause yang mengikuti wish clause pada prinsipnya adalah unreal conditional.
Penggunaan wish dalam unreal conditionals ada 3, yaitu: future wish, present wish, dan past wish.
a. Future wish
S + wish + (that) + S + could + verb1
would +verb1
were + verb-ing

Note: Penggunaan relative pronoun “that” adalah optional (bisa digunakan, bisa juga tidak):
Contoh:
1. I wish my friend would visit me this afternoon. (Saya berharap teman saya akan mengunjungi saya sore ini). Faktanya: my friend will not come this afternoon.
2. They wish that you could come to the party tonight. (Mereka berharap bahwa kamu bisa datang sebentar malam). Faktanya: you can’t come.
3. Bobby wishes he were coming with Angelia. (Bobby berharap dia datang dengan Angelia). Faktanya: Bobby is not coming with Angelia.
b. Present wish
S + wish + (that) + S + verb2
Contoh:
1. I wish I were rich. (Saya berharap saya kaya). Faktanya adalah: I am not rich.
2. I wish I had enough time to finish my work. (Saya berharap saya punya cukup waktu untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan saya). Faktanya: I don’t have enough time to finish my work.
3. John wishes that Ririn were old enough to be his girl friend. (John berharap bahwa Ririn cukup umur untuk menjadi pacarnya). Faktanya: Ririn is not old enough to be John’s girl friend.
4. I wish I didn’t have to come to class today. (Saya berharap saya tidak harus pergi kuliah hari ini). Faktanya: I have to go to class today.
5. I wish my TOEFL score were over 650 now. (Saya berharap nilai TOEFL saya sekarang lebih dari 650). Faktanya: my TOEFL score is not over 650 now.
c. Past wish
S + wish + (that) + S + had + verb3
could + had + verb3

Contoh:
1. I wish I had washed my clothes yesterday. (Saya berharap saya telah cuci pakaian-pakaian saya kemarin). Faktanya: I didn’t wash my clothes yesterday.
2. Irwan wishes that he had answered the questions well. (Irwan berharap bahwa dia telah menjawab soal-soal dengan baik). Faktanya: Irwan didn’t answer the questions well.
3. Christian Ronaldo wishes that his team could have beaten the German team. (Christian Ronaldo berharap bahwa teamnya dapat mengalahkan team Jerman). Faktanya: Christian Ronaldo’s team couldn’t beat the German team.
4. I wish you had been here last night. (Saya berharap kamu ada di sini tadi malam). Faktanya: you were not here last night.

Unreal conditions : Present and Future
1. If I (have) the day off tomorrow, I would go to the beach.
If I had the day off tomorrow, I would go to the beach.
2. If I (have) a million dollars right now, I would retire.
If I had a million dollars right now, I would retire.
3. If I (be) the mayor of this city, I would change certain things.
If I were the mayor of this city, I would change certain things.
4. If that man (work) harder, he could earn more money.
If that man worked harder, he could earn more money.
5. I would glady tell you the answer if I only (know) it myself.
I would glady tell you the answer if I only known it myself.
6. If Don and I (have) enough money, we would buy a house.
If Don and I had enough money, we would buy a house.
7. If the weather (be) better right now, we could go for a walk.
If the weather were better right now, we could go for a walk.
8. That student would get much higher marks if he (study) harder.
That student would get much higher marks if he studied harder.
9. If Mr.Smith (call) me, I would explain everything to him.
If Mr.Smith calling me, I would explain everything to him.
10. Mr. Moore would give up teaching if he (enjoy, not) it so much.
Mr. Moore would give up teaching if he enjoyed, not it so much.
11. If I (be) in your place, I would accept Mr.Anderson’s offer.
If I were in your place, I would accept Mr.Anderson’s offer.
12. People would understand you better if you (speak) more carefully.
People would understand you better if you spoken more carefully.

Using the word Unless in conditions
1. If you don’t leave immediately, I will call a policeman.
Unless you leave immediately, I will call a policeman.
2. Fred wouldn’t do that if he didn’t have your permission.
Fred wouldn’t do that unless he had your permission.
3. I won’t brother to call you if I don’t hear from Mr.Brown.
I won’t brother to call you unless i hear from Mr.Brown.
4. If you agree with him, charles wouldn’t even suggest it.
Unless you agreed with him, charles wouldn’t even suggest it.
5. We can’t write to Mr.Suzuki if he doesn’t send us his address.
We can’t write to Mr.Suzuki unless he sends us his address.
6. If you don’t study harder, you’re going to fail the examination.
Unless you study harder, you’re going to fail the examination.
7. I wouldn’t have believed it if I hadn’t seen it with my own eyes.
I wouldn’t have believed it unless I seen it with my own eyes.
8. If she doesn’t start the letter now, she’ll have to do it tomorrow.
Unless she start the letter now, she’ll have to do it tomorrow.
9. The lawyer wouldn’t say that if he didn’t have strong evidence.
The lawyer wouldn’t say that unless he had strong evidence.
10. If you don’t invest your money wisely, you will lose all of it.
Unless you invested your money wisely, you will lose all of it.
11. I won’t say anything if Smith doesn’t bring up the matter himself.
I won’t say anything unless Smith bring up the matter himself.
12. If no more guests come, there will be enough food for everyone.
Unless more guests come, there will be enough food for everyone.
13. Our dog wouldn’t have barked if he hadn’t heard a strange noise.
Our dog wouldn’t have barked unless he heard a strange noise.

Unreal conditions : Past
1. If George (have) the money, he would have lent it to me.
If George had the money, he would have lent it to me.
2. I would have spoken to Frank if I (see) him yesterday.
I would have spoken to Frank if I had seen him yesterday.
3. If the weather (be) better, we would have left Friday morning.
If the weather had were better, we would have left Friday morning.
4. Alice would have told you the truth if you (ask) her about it.
Alice would have told you the truth if you had asked her about it.
5. If you (study) a little harder, you would have passed the test.
If you had studied a little harder, you would have passed the test.
6. I could have lent you some money if I (spend, not) everything.
I could have lent you some money if I had spent, not everything.
7. If there (be) any complaints, we would have heard about them.
If there had were any complaints, we would have heard about them.
8. We would have gone with Fred last Friday if he (invite) us.
We would have gone with Fred last Friday if he had invited us.
9. If you (ask, only) me, I could easily have given you the answer.
If you asked, only me, I could easily have given you the answer.
10. Bill would have taken, more photographs if he (had) more film.
Bill would have taken, more photographs if he had has more film.
11. If Tom (be) here yesterday, he would have been able to advise us.
If Tom had were here yesterday, he would have been able to advise us.
12. We would have bought that house if the price (be) a little lower.
We would have bought that house if the price had were a little lower.
13. If they (need) any help with the work, they would have called use.
If they had needed any help with the work, they would have called use.

Writing conditonal setences
1. If you had taken my advice, you will succeed
2. I would have had less trouble if, you want to help me
3. If anyone had asked me about it, I will answer it
4. Our dog Saki would have barked if, you tried to disturb
5. If I had been in your place, I would feel happy
6. Bill wouldn’t have said anything if, he did not know what they mean
7. If you had followed my instruction, would not be wrong
8. You wouldn’t have lost your money if, you are not careless
9. If john had taken better care of his car, his car would be fine
10. We couldn’t have gone on our trip if, no vehicle to get there
11. If you had only left your house earlier, you must lock all the doors of your house
12. It would have been much better if, you can keep your emotions
13. If my watch hadn’t been five minutes slow, I'm not going to be late
14. Things would have been different if, we differentiate it
15. If I had been born a century ago, I would not be here now

Sabtu, 14 Mei 2011

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Senin, 02 Mei 2011

tugas bahasa inggris conditional sentences

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